My Body, My Choice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1822 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? My Body, My Choice The United States have been arguing the ethics of abortion for decades. The womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to choose what she does with her body by either carrying a pregnancy to full term or terminating her pregnancy is always a hot topic in the political world. If you add in the biological fatherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights you have an even larger list of legal issues to consider. The U.S. Supreme court ruling in Roe v. Wade is just one example of abortion cases that have continued to modify the law. However, recently some new ethical debates about a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to choose what happens to their body have hit the court. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s one issue to debate an unborn healthy fetus inside the body of another human being. Now, courts are reviewing cases that involve terminally ill patients that want the freedom to choose how they die and other cases that want the option to refuse recommended medical treatments. Most rec ently a court case in Hartford, Connecticut, forced a 17 year old girl to receive chemotherapy to treat the cancer. Cassandra Callender or the girl known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Cassandra C.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in the media, was diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma in September 2014. Cassandraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s medical providers recommend that chemotherapy would give her an 85% chance at surviving the disease and if she were to remain untreated, it will take her life at an estimated two years. The legal battle with the state began when the Department of Children and Families (DCF), was alerted that Cassandra and her mom had missed several appointments at the hospital. Cassandraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mother, Jackie Fortin, said they wanted to seek a second opinion and for alternate treatment options because Cassandra did not want to put that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“poisonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of chemotherapy into her body. Fortin stated that; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“she does not want toxins in her body, and she does no t want people to tell her what to do with her body and how to treat ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Fought Cancer Treatment, para.3) After an investigation was conducted by the child welfare agency, they were granted temporary custody by a trial court. This prompted Cassandra and her mother to hire legal representation to seek an injunction to restrict medical treatment, however, they were fruitless in their attempt. In January 2015, the state Supreme Court ruled that the state of Connecticut was not violating the minorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or the parentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ rights by requiring her to undergo chemotherapy. In her interview with CBS News, Fortin discussed Cassandraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rejection of the chemotherapy about the refusal being based on the damaging effects chemotherapy would have on her body, she said à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“it wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t about living or dyingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . (Teen Fought Cancer Treatment, 2015, para. 4) Ultimately the Connecticut Supreme Court d ecided that this particular minor was unable to convince the court that she was sophisticated enough to make her own medical decisions. (Yang, 2015, para. 5) Although several other states acknowledge the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“mature minor doctrineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , this doctrine is comparatively new. In 2002 only a few states had enacted the doctrine into statute. In Illinois, Massachusetts, Maine, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee and several other states their state high courts have adopted the doctrine as law. The mature minor doctrine takes into consideration the situation and the age of the minor when attempting to consider maturation. The doctrine frequently applies in cases where the minor is able to comprehend the recommended medical or surgical procedure or treatments and is sixteen years or older. (Mature Minor Doctrine, 2010-2014, para. 6) In an Essay that Cassandra published the day of the ruling,in the Hartford Courant, she describes crying and hiding from the police in her closet , running away from home after two days of chemotherapy, and being strapped to a hospital bed to undergo treatment against her will. This experience has been a continuous nightmare, Cassandra wrote in her essay. I want the right to make my medical decisions. Its disgusting that Im fighting for a right that I and anyone in my situation should already have. This is my life and my body, not [the Department of Children and Families]s and not the states. I am a human, I should be able to decide if I do or dont want chemotherapy. Whether I live 17 years or 100 years should not be anyones choice but mine. (Yang, 2015, para. 7) Cassandra was hospitalized in December, with limited access to outside communication and visitors. Recently it was reported by The Associated Press that she has finished her treatment and is planned to be discharged from the Connecticut Childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Medical Center very soon. Physicians are stating that her lymphoma is remission. Cassandra posted pho tos post treatment, after having the ports removed that were used to administer the chemo to her body. (Teen Fought Cancer Treatment, 2015, para. 8) While Cassandra C. was fighting for her right to choose and alternative path to medical treatment, Brittany Maynard was fighting for her right to choose how to die. Brittany was diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme in January 2014. She was 29 years old and this type of cancer was assertive and fatal. Although patients with this type of Cancer can live up to three years, she was given six months to live in April 2014. This prompted Maynardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decision that she wanted to choose when and how she died. She was originally living with her husband in California when she made the decision to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“die with dignityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This decision meant that when she was ready to die she would take a doctor prescribed lethal medication to end her life. The problem with this decision is that it is only legal in 5 st ates and California, the state where she was born and raised, was not one of them. In an article from CNN, Britanyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s description of hurdles she had to overcome just to be recognized by a state that has the death with dignity law in order to achieve her goal of dying on her own terms was very overwhelming. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“I met the criteria for death with dignity in Oregon, but establishing residency in the state to make use of the law required a monumental number of changes. I had to find new physicians, establish residency in Portland, search for a new home, obtain a new drivers license, change my voter registration and enlist people to take care of our animals, and my husband, Dan, had to take a leave of absence from his job. The vast majority of families do not have the flexibility, resources and time to make all these changes.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Maynard, 2014, para. 9) Oregon enacted the law in 1997, and it follows a strict set of guidelines when it comes to det ermining when a patient qualifies for the medication. Five out of six requests for the lethal medication are rejected by Oregon licensed physicians. In order for a patient to obtain the fatal drugs, they must meet the following three criteria. The patient must have only six months to live, have a terminal diagnosis, and that diagnosis must be confirmed and agreed upon by two physicians. After they have met the three criteria, they can still be denied if they have any underlying mental-health issues. Once they pass the initial stages of the process, they must make one request orally and one in writing. There is a fifteen day waiting period in between the requests and both requests must be verified by two witnesses. The underlying mental-health issues can be a bit of a problem, because the majority of dying people are depressed. However, the depression is one of the main reasons a physician would be apprehensive to prescribe the fatal medications. In October 2014 Brittany visited t he Grand Canyon with her family, this was the last thing on her bucket list. She announced that she would end her life on November 1, 2014 and she followed through with it by taking the lethal yet legal doctor prescribed medication. She wrote Goodbye world, Spread good energy. Pay it forward! (Kahzan, 2014, para. 10) Brittany became the poster child of the Death with Dignity law. After her death, Washington, D.C., California, and 2 other states have introduced right-to-die-legislation. The bill is using Oregonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Death with Dignity law as a guideline. The bill would require two independent physicians to conclude that a person is mentally capable to make a life ending decision. According Oregon Public Health Division, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“1,173 patients have the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“end-of-lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  medication, and 752 have chosen to ingest it.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Sanburn, para 5) A 48 year old man, Dan Swangard, is a physician who also has a rare form of metastatic cancer, had portions of his pancreas, liver, gall bladder, and his entire spleen removed because of this cancer. He also knows that there is a strong chance that the cancer will return. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“There is only so much medication can doà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Swangard says. Swangard sees many patients die each year from cancer. He supports the ethical movement for assisted suicide, and he says that taking care of the patient, also means, letting them choose how and when they pass on, and when they are ready. In part to Cassandra and Brittany for being advocates and spokespersons on the right to choose for your body, new legislation is being received and laws are being reviewed. About 3,000 patients a year, from every state, contact the advocacy group Compassion Choices for advice on legal ways to reduce end-of-life suffering and perhaps hasten their deaths. (Eckholm, 2014, p. 11) Although Cassandra and Brittany are both young adults who are helping pave the way for more states to review their laws on the body, this is happening at a time when more and more baby boomers are seeing their parents suffering with prolonged and painful deaths. This is causing a lot more states to consider new laws. Conclusion Ethics is something that a court cannot rule on. Ethics is a personal venture that one must endure and chose what is right. The relationship between a physician, and his/her patient is confidential. In the case of terminal illnesses, assisted suicide; planned death, or whatever you want to call it; a court, an activist group, or another person should not choose the way you pass on. It is unethical not to allow a terminally ill person, to pass on, in their own terms. References Connecticut Teen Fighting Who Fought Cancer Treatment Heading Home from the Hospital. (2015). Retrieved from https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2015/04/27/connecticut-teen-fought-cancer-treatment-home/ Eckholm, E. (2014). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Aid in Dyingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ movemen t takes hold in some states. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/08/us/easing-terminal-patients-path-to-death-legally.html?_r=0 Kahzan, O. (2014). Brittany Maynard and the Challenge of Dying with Dignity. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/11/brittany-maynard-and-the-challenge-of-dying-with-dignity/382282/ Maynard, B. (2014). My right to death with dignity at 29. Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/2014/10/07/opinion/maynard-assisted-suicide-cancer-dignity/ The Mature Minor Doctrine. (2010-2014). Retrieved from https://healthcare.uslegal.com/treatment-of-minors/the-mature-minor-doctrine/#sthash.PCCmXnXY.dpuf Sanburn, J. (2015) More States Considering Right-to-Die Laws After Brittany Maynard https://time.com/3678199/brittany-maynard-death-with-dignity-legislation-california/ Yang, S. (2015). Why a 17 year old with Curable Cancer is fighting for the Right to Refuse Chemo. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/connecticut -teen-cassandra-c-fights-to-refuse-chemo-2015-1 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "My Body, My Choice" essay for you Create order

The Five Stages Of Grief - 1207 Words

The five stages of grief according to Linda Pastan are denial, Acceptance, Bargaining, anger and depression, these poem was written in the year 1978 by Linda Pastan. She was born in May 27 1932. She was a poet and novelist, she lived in New York City. This poem ‘the five stages of grief is self-explanatory, it talks about the stages a person goes through when they lose someone or something they lose. Grief of Mind is a poem written by Edward Dave about grief which is the theme of five stages of grief. The song† Chasing Pavement’ by Adele also has traces of grief and also portrays the same message which is the denial, acceptance, bargaining anger and depression as the poem. Mona Lisa by Leonardo Da Vinci is also a painting that portrays on dying love and grief over a loved one. All four pieces of literature/art have a tenebrous setting. In her book The Five Stages of Grief, Linda Pastan combines concrete and delicate imagery as she records her feelings about the ste ps in the gradual acceptance of death. Each stage is represented by its own group of poems; each group has its unique voice, speech, and dimension of feeling. Although the images peculiar to the different stages do lie over something else, they are utilized in different contexts and so stimulates varying emotions. The book cover shows a winding staircase whose upper steps cannot be seen, though the balcony is in partial view and the lower steps are in full view. The reader is invited to ascend inShow MoreRelatedThe Five Stages of Grief799 Words   |  3 Pagesdealing with the grieving process. The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. The first stage of grief is denial. In this stage the death of the loved one is denied because of the shock. 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According to Grief Is the Thing with Feathers, by Max Port er, it appears not, as the book gives the readers three characters that are mourning, with each of themRead MoreThe Five Stages Of Grief2363 Words   |  10 PagesGrief It’s ironic that Elizabeth Kubler-Ross theory, of the five stages of grief is present in the story â€Å"Hamlet† by William Shakespeare after so many centuries later. Hamlet is believed to be the most dramatic play in history, and comes with many personal conflicts that people still today will struggle with. In â€Å"Hamlet†, the main character, Hamlet goes through the 5 stages of grief throughout the story. Elizabeth Kubler- Ross developed a theory based on how she believed to be the stages of acceptanceRead MoreThe Five Stages Of Grief2355 Words   |  10 Pagestheory, of the five stages of grief is present in the story â€Å"Hamlet† by William Shakespeare after so many centuries later. 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Having a hope ofRead MoreEssay about Reaching Acceptance: the Five Stages of Grief1141 Words   |  5 Pagesfaced with grief, an individual must go through all of the five stages, whether it is for a brief or extended period of time in order to reach the final stage of acceptance. Denial is the first logical stage that one feels when trying to cope with trauma because it feels safe to trick oneself into thinking that the event did not actually occur. Anger follows when the individual realizes that the trauma did occur and there is nothing to make it better. Depression is the third stage i n the grief processRead MoreAn Analysis Of The Five Stages Of Grief By F. Scott Fitzgerald886 Words   |  4 Pagesswimming and the vibrancy he once had was no longer there. Seeing Stan rapidly deteriorate, I realized I needed to emotionally prepare myself for his imminent passing. To come to terms with this notion I went through three of the five stages of grief. The first stage of grief I experienced while coming to terms with Stan’s condition was depression. Having received no sympathetic support from my family, I sat alone by Stan as he slept. Thoughts raced through my head, so much so that it was hard toRead MoreHealthy Grief: Applying Kubler-Ross Five Stages of Grief to the Story of Job in the Bible1005 Words   |  4 PagesHealthy Grief: Kubler-Ross 5 Stages of Grief and the Story of Job in the Bible In her seminal work on grief and grieving, Elisabeth Kubler-Ross introduced the concept now very well known as the Five (5) Stages of Grief, enumerated chronologically as follows: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. In this concept, Kubler-Ross explored and discussed the normative stages that people go through when they experience the loss of a loved one and feel grief as result of this loss. It is

Edgar Allen Poes free essay sample

From the very first line written in the Cask Of Amontillado; The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge. We are thrust into a ride, much like one you might find at the amusement park or the carnival, with the distinct difference that although this ride is in fact on rails, how it will affect us and how we will interpret the events during is completely up to us. Edgar Allan Poe does a remarkable job of employing several psychological techniques in his short story The cask of Amontillado , but I will only focus on one, which even by todays standards is flawless. The technique is the mystery. Who is Fortunato? What has he done to Montresor that has caused so much emotional and psychological damage? Obviously the answers to these questions will elude and intrigue the audience. We will write a custom essay sample on Edgar Allen Poes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So we are instantly on the hook. To find the answers to these questions we must avert more of our attention and interest to the piece at hand. Poe, now with our utmost and full attention, begins to plunge us into the mind of his protagonist. Not so by simply introducing us to Montresor but instead by showing us his actions, his thoughts, his mannerisms. He accomplishes this by exposing us to Fortunato and the conversations between them that will ensue. On the surface Montresor seems like a normal man with no ill will. Although quickly we begin to learn otherwise. My dear Fortunato, you are luckily met. How remarkably well you are looking today. So begins the series of dialogues Song 2 and conversations that would appear to be like any other had by two good friends. At first Montresor is nothing but amicable, he compliments his good friends on his looks, dress and even praises his good taste and reputation. And yet some fools will have it that his taste is a match for your own. The audience now fully engaged in the story though the methods of mystery, curiosity and perhaps even endearment or empathy for Fortunato continue to delve deeper into the event unfolding before our very eyes. Just as the protagonist and the antagonist begin to descend upon the catacombs and the halls of the Montresors manor, so does the conversation and the dialogue taking place between them. We will go back; your health is precious. you are rich, respected, admired , beloved; you are happy, as once I was. You are a man to be missed. For me it is no matter. We are now beginning to be exposed more openly to the sociopathic ways of our protagonist; Montresor. Willingly and cheerfully guiding our poor and still at the moment helpless, Fortunato , as he is still under the spell of Montresor. When we finally arrive to the depths of the catacombs the reader is now aware that some horrible event is bound to ensure, but the conversation and the presentation made by the writer has now fully invaded the reader. Little by little inch by inch as we descended down through the catacombs, we have been made more anxious, more uncomfortable. Now all the built up tension that has been gathering is ripe for the telling. Pass your hand Is the cue that signals the reader. We are here, this is where our journey has been leading you, here is the end. Over the wall; you cannot help feeling the nitre. It is then that Poe unleashes his Single effect all done with a fine attention to detail. The message is clear. you are now here, you will go nowhere, this is where you will rest. Presumably after achieving his single effect the reader will sense a series of emotional responses; ranging from fear to terror to relief. Relief that the built up tension and anxiety has now been released. The rid e has finally come to an end and it is now time to go home and think upon the emotions you have felt here today.

Research Proposal Comparing two University †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Research Proposal Comparing two University. Answer: Background The University selected for research is the University of Sussex, United Kingdom. The university provides Undergraduate, Masters and PhD degrees to students pursuing various courses. The selected courses for the research are BA (Hons) Journalism and BA (Hons) History and politics. The research will focus mainly on Student satisfaction, Employment and accreditation, continuation and degree results and entry information ("Unistats", 2017). As per the data provided in the website, the overall student satisfaction related to BA Honors Journalism stands at a mere 30% as compared to the 92% of BA Honors History and Politics. Only 20% students of Journalism feel that the course provides intellectual stimulation.. In terms of IT resources, provided to courses, History and Politics with 77% lags behind Journalism with 100%. According to the statistics, the overall satisfaction of students is largely lower for Journalism than it is for History and Politics. The statistics are authentic and can be relied upon to carry out the research since it has been collected from the students of the university. However, the data given in the website is not updated and hence the percentages might vary. Issue The problem to be addressed in the research is the dissatisfaction of students in the Journalism course and insufficient IT resources available for the students of History and Politics. This course has been given the lowest percentage in the intellectual stimulation category under the teaching parameter. It is important to the students who aspire to make a mark in this field (Swain, 2017). Journalism requires in depth study not just theoretical but practical. In addition, the research also evaluates the availability and utilization of IT resources for the History and Politics course. The research is important to find out reasons as to why an interesting and opportune course like Journalism fails to stimulate the intellect of the students. The research is important for the students at first, who aspire to achieve success in the respective fields and for the university administration at second ("Course Chooser", 2017). Solution Research proposal Purpose of the research design Three types of research design are there that can be used- exploratory, descriptive and explanatory research design. Exploratory research design is used in case of long-term processes and has an association with inductive approach of research. Researchers use explanatory research design as it helps to link numerous ideas for comprehending the cause and effect of the specific research study. On the other hand, descriptive research design involves exploration as well as explanation of the research providing detailed information about the research topic. Justification of the selected research design The researcher will take the descriptive research design to conduct the research with a view to investigate and elucidate the particular research topic in a detailed manner. The selected design will not only provide a complete picture of the research topic but also a clear view by giving added information. Data collection process To carry out a research, a researcher has to obtain various types of data, as it is extremely useful and the most important factor while performing a research. Sources of data Primary and secondary sources of data are the two main types of data sources applied by researchers. The researcher will use only the primary data by arranging interviews of students and staff of the university belonging to the particular course department ("Equality and Diversity : University of Sussex", 2017). Analyzing the real cause behind the dismal performance of these courses from the inputs collected through interviews makes sure that the university looks after these issues and takes steps to improve the current situation("TEF outcomes - Higher Education Funding Council for England", 2017).. Methodology: Data analysis techniques Two types of data analysis techniques are there qualitative and quantitative data analysis technique. To conduct this particular research, the researcher will apply qualitative data analysis to analyze the responses collected from the interviews that will be arranged for the students and staffs of the department of Journalism and History and Politics of BA Honors. Sample Size To conduct the said research, 200 participants, including both teachers and students of the respective courses will be chosen for collecting data. The researcher will require bearing the cost of buying stationery items like papers and printing questionnaires to be given to the participants. Apart from that, no additional costs or expenditures are required for the research. Ethical review While carrying out the research project, certain ethical issues are to be followed in accordance with the guidelines of the University of Sussex (Exchange, 2017). The chief ethical concerns in this project are Whether the participants or interviewees are aware of the questionnaire Whether the interview questions are justified as per research requirements Whether the findings of the research are going to be used for other purposes that does not concern research project The University of Sussex has a set of Research Governance Standard Operating Procedures that helps researchers with their projects (School of Business, 2017). Anyone conducting any research that involves humans or animals is required to obtain ethics approval before going ahead with the research. Therefore, an online ethical review application from the university portal has to be obtained to go ahead with the research. Evaluation The method used for the research project is a semi-structured interview with students and professors of the two courses as participants. A semi-structured interview involves both pre-prepared list of questions and natural conversation. There are both strengths and weaknesses involved in this method. Strengths Helps understand interpretations, implications and objectives. Allows interviewees to create fraction of the agenda Gives flexibility to the interviewer who has options to filter and follow unanticipated ways. Interviewer also has the opportunity to probe further the research In depth and rich data is collected through this method as interviewees answer the pre-structured questions as well as add their own inputs. Weaknesses The conversation flow is not up to the mark as the participant is asked to answer pre-set questions. The method consumes too much time The data collected through this method has difficulties of reliability The findings from the collected data become generalized There are possibilities that many problems may arise while asking students and staff to come for the interview. First is, many students might be reluctant to give their views on the courses and the approach of the university administration. Secondly, since the interview is being taken for a research project, the participants might not give it that much attention. Thirdly, the credibility of the answers might also be questionable since the participants can give random answers (Irvine, Drew Sainsbury, 2013). The interviewees can be influenced to participate in the conversation by making it interesting and appealing. The findings of the report can help the staffs and university administration in developing methods to raise the interest of the students in the particular courses. Campus recruitment can also be encouraged with joint decision of both students and teachers. References: Course Chooser. (2017).Thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk. Retrieved 24 October 2017, from https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/courses/search?i=University%20of%20Sussex Equality and Diversity : University of Sussex. (2017).Sussex.ac.uk. Retrieved 24 October 2017, from https://www.sussex.ac.uk/equalities/ Exchange, R. (2017).Research Governance and Integrity : Research : Staff : University of Sussex.Sussex.ac.uk. Retrieved 24 October 2017, from https://www.sussex.ac.uk/staff/research/governance Irvine, A., Drew, P., Sainsbury, R. (2013). Am I not answering your questions properly?Clarification, adequacy and responsiveness in semi-structured telephone and face-to-face interviews.Qualitative Research,13(1), 87-106. School of Business, M. (2017).Research ethics and governance : Research : School of Business, Management and Economics : University of Sussex.Sussex.ac.uk. Retrieved 24 October 2017, from https://www.sussex.ac.uk/bmec/internal/research/ethics Swain, H. (2017).How can universities ensure their students are satisfied?.the Guardian. Retrieved 24 October 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/2017/sep/11/how-can-universities-ensure-their-students-are-satisfied TEF outcomes - Higher Education Funding Council for England. (2017).Hefce.ac.uk. Retrieved 24 October 2017, from https://www.hefce.ac.uk/tefoutcomes/#/provider/10007806 Unistats. (2017).Unistats.org. Retrieved 24 October 2017, from https://www.unistats.org/Compare-Courses

Speech on Corruption free essay sample

My speech today will address the topiccorruption and especially political corruption. Everything in this era revolves around the decisionsmade by powerful people in society, particularly governmental people and politicians and many of them resort to misuse power for personal gains such as money, luxuries or even more power. Thismeans that corruption could make you gain a lot but it also means that you deprive certain people of a lot. This is why in certain countries, we see a gap that is widening between the poor and the richand certain economies are falling, as in the united states economy. Corruption only leads to thedestruction of a persons morals and ethics and would increase peoples hatred towards that person. Asignificant example on political corruption is when our countries in the middle east- throughcorrupted people- facilitated the way for the occupational troops to invade Iraq and when theyignored the cries for help by Palestinians in Gaza and other cities. We will write a custom essay sample on Speech on Corruption or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is time for people to start paying attention to these issues and understand that we must fight corruption to end these miserableissues upon our people. It is therefore that corrupted people must suffer the consequences incurred by their actions and should be punished according to the Islamic system. But what if the peoplewithin the system are also corrupted? Then I believe that change comes from within us if we arewilling to step up to these people and by taking initiatives, sacrifices and perhaps try to influence people and future generations to put pressure in the face of corruption. One of the ways of applying pressure and drawing attention to this case was shown by a reporter a few days ago who threw a pair of shoes at the united states president. Although I liked the idea but other methods such asdemonstrations are proved to be effective methods and as Ive stated earlier, its all about takingsacrifices and initiatives towards these methods, that we can eliminate corruption.

Free Essays on Natives

Native American religion penetrated every aspect of their culture. This makes it difficult for a predominantly white, European, secular society to interpret Native Indian spirituality. There is no single Native American religion, but rather as many religions as there are Indian peoples. Religion and ritual were a function of all activity: from the food quest and other survival-related work to technology, social and political organization, warfare and art. Religion and magic were fused with practical science; for example, prayer was used in conjunction with hunting and fishing techniques, and incantations accompanied effective herbal remedies in the curing of disease. I would like to elucidate on Native American views in relation to their religion. As stated by Lester Kurtz, â€Å"In a structurally differentiated society, every institution is given a specialized task; the task of religious institutions is to tend to spiritual and ethical issues† (167). Religion played a promine nt role in the interpretation of the universe for the American Indians. It facilitated in the adaptation of human activity to the patters of nature. Indians were traditionally a holistic and reverent people, viewing themselves as extensions of animate and inanimate natural objects.. In addition to this holism, other generalizations can be made in regard to Indian religion. Part of the special intimate relationship with nature involved a sense of kinship with the natural world and the attribution of innate souls and human properties to plants, animals, inanimate objects and natural phenomena. Indian religion generally also involved the belief that the universe is suffused with preternatural forces and powerful spirits. From what tribal populations already know, historians can conclude there are common characteristics that seem to be shared by all of the Native Americans. Although there are many points of contrast, the beliefs of Native Americans are distinguished by ... Free Essays on Natives Free Essays on Natives Native American religion penetrated every aspect of their culture. This makes it difficult for a predominantly white, European, secular society to interpret Native Indian spirituality. There is no single Native American religion, but rather as many religions as there are Indian peoples. Religion and ritual were a function of all activity: from the food quest and other survival-related work to technology, social and political organization, warfare and art. Religion and magic were fused with practical science; for example, prayer was used in conjunction with hunting and fishing techniques, and incantations accompanied effective herbal remedies in the curing of disease. I would like to elucidate on Native American views in relation to their religion. As stated by Lester Kurtz, â€Å"In a structurally differentiated society, every institution is given a specialized task; the task of religious institutions is to tend to spiritual and ethical issues† (167). Religion played a promine nt role in the interpretation of the universe for the American Indians. It facilitated in the adaptation of human activity to the patters of nature. Indians were traditionally a holistic and reverent people, viewing themselves as extensions of animate and inanimate natural objects.. In addition to this holism, other generalizations can be made in regard to Indian religion. Part of the special intimate relationship with nature involved a sense of kinship with the natural world and the attribution of innate souls and human properties to plants, animals, inanimate objects and natural phenomena. Indian religion generally also involved the belief that the universe is suffused with preternatural forces and powerful spirits. From what tribal populations already know, historians can conclude there are common characteristics that seem to be shared by all of the Native Americans. Although there are many points of contrast, the beliefs of Native Americans are distinguished by ...

The intersection of S Stoughton Rd & E Buckeye Rd in Madison, Coursework

The intersection of S Stoughton Rd & E Buckeye Rd in Madison, Wisconsin - Coursework Example Stoughton Road features heavy traffic all through the daylight hours considering that a total of 23 out of the 33 reported crashes took place between 11 am and 5 pm (Madison Police Department 15). This intensive traffic volume, coupled with the speed limit tuning to 55 MPH, has made the traffic signals associated with this road section to be hazardous. A report by the Madison Police Station posited that a speed limit that tunes to 55 MPH is excessive for this road stretch and their research findings supported this opinion. In Addition, as per the authorities, the South Stoughton Road never featured in the top list because of any design flaw as per se. Instead, the intersection problem is attributed to the large number of cars that pass through it (Campbell and Chris 139). In another sphere some residents have attributed the crashes to the idea of some drivers just ignoring the need to pay attention. In certain occasions, the drivers have been sighted using their phones or engaging in some sort of distractive exercise thus fueling the number of crashes. Generally, there is an increasing number of crashes at the intersection already raises an alarm and increases risks of loss of more lives in Madison. As such, there is need to improve the current road design in order to end up with structures that can aid in guaranteeing a higher level of safety to individuals. One of the potential design alternatives would be to develop a modern circular roundabout at the intersection where traffic is flowing in a counter-clockwise direction around a central island. Unlike the current design, the proposed modern roundabout design would not only allow the traffic to flow freely without the need for stop controlled or signalized systems. Additionally, the drivers would have sufficient time to judge the traffic and adjust their speeds accordingly while approaching the roundabout. It is also worth noting that roundabout intersection designs are also

Lab research 5.10 Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research 5.10 - Lab Report Example Practical research will be used in this study. This type of research is the most effective type of research for it ensures that all aspects of the study are carried out. The advantage of this research is that the researcher has the ability to relate directly with the people in the area and this assists in getting more content for the research. This research is different from theoretical research since the researcher would just get information from people that have carried out extensive research on the region and as common with secondary research, it is open to bias and thus not a reliable source of information. Carrying out primary research provides critical information that secondary research may leave out (Chipev 85). Moreover, practical research addresses the issues facing the particular place at the time while secondary research may have outdated and unreliable research. The importance of carrying out this research is that very few people focus on animals in this region. Many people in the contemporary world either focus on plants and for those that pay attention to animals they focus on animals in dry lands and tropical regions (Chipev 103). Rarely do people research animals in the Antarctic region. Another reason for carrying out research in this region is that the researchers have the ability to offer the information that they acquire to the general public and environmentalists. The consequent of this is having people visiting the region and assisting in better conservation of the species. The length of the research is another issue that ought to receive concentration. An aspect that comes with this issue is the competency of the researcher. There are some researchers that are very poor at carrying out the required activities since they are not always after vital information but go out for the adventure while others just participate to earn money. Carrying out research on an animal is an activity that ought to take a considerable time. The

Event Study - Using Econometrics Research Paper

Event Study - Using Econometrics - Research Paper Example (1996), who studied the relationship between dividend announcements and earnings, both of which appear simultaneously. As such, in practice, investment analysts who analyze long-term economic prospects are to be expected to inquire about information related to top management as well as changes in corporate strategy among other issues that are believed to have an impact on the company’s earnings (Denis, 1990; Marsh, 1993). These considerations are also very important in share trading decisions. One of the most anticipated types of regular returns on stocks are dividends. These are payments made by firms to their shareholders as a compensation for their capital. If dividend policy is frequently adjusted, then the variation in the stock prices would be expected to remain high. Variation in share prices occurs due to recurrent investors’ reactions ahead of important announcement by the companies, dividends announcement being among them. Such announcements are floated throug h the stock exchanges as well as made through annual reports for the purpose of reaching the investors. Nevertheless, some companies release crucial information through the press release even before they publish them in the annual reports, if the need arises. Furthermore, there are other mediums that transmit information to the investors in effect changing the prices of the stocks. Some of the announcement that may influence prices of shares include new product launch, management changeover, changes of government policies, starting and shutting down of projects, mergers and acquisitions, political changes, downsizing of firms, as well as the announcement of dividend, which is the focus of this study. The prices of stocks tend to change immediately the news hinting about these changes is received by the investors. The relevance of dividend announcements is a subject of considerable interest for many researchers in the field of finance. This subject has ignited considerable controvers y, considering the impact dividends announcement have before and after their announcement. This study builds upon different dividend literature by looking at the impact of dividend announcements for a multiple of firms that are listed in UK stock markets. The study will use an event study approach to examine abnormal returns for a total of 50 firms, which is potentially caused by the announcement of dividends for 21 days spreading between July 2012 and August 2012. The results indicate that the announcement of dividends that is accompanied with good news is received positively by investors; hence, more rate of increase of abnormal returns are experienced after the announcement. The results of this study also indicate that firms should be more prudent when making dividend policies as they have significant economic implications. This paper looks at the reactions of markets following a blend of dividend announcement by companies from the UK. These announcements are pointers that are or iginated by the managers of different companies in conditions of economic uncertainty, a scenario that is accompanied by varied investors interpretations and informational asymmetry. This study will be in accordance with the principles adopted in any empirical studies that investigate the impacts of share prices in relation to changes in dividends (for example, Charest 1978; Eades et al., 1985). Literature Review From the study of Ghosh and Woolridge (1988), it has been established that markets can

Effects of Social Media on Young People

Effects of Social Media on Young People In modern life, social media is developing fast. It is used by many people all over the world. Social media is especially very popular among the young. However, there are many young people who cannot control themselves and are addicted to social media. Addiction to social media has many serious effects, including poor study habits, living away from reality and bad health. First, addiction to social media makes the youth have bad grades in studies. Because of social media, many students who were excellent students have become bad students. Every day, these students come to class, but they do not focus on studying. While their professors are teaching, they are using cellphones to surf Facebook, Instagram or chat with friends on Messenger. They always check their cellphones every five minutes to see what is going on on social media. If the young use social media in classes, how can they listen to the professors and understand what professors are saying? Moreover, not only at school but also at home these young students who are addicted to social media do not do exercise or read the new lesson before going to school, because they are busy with social media. For example, Khanh, a young girl from Vietnam, is addicted to social media. In the past, she was a hard-working student. She always did all homework and prepared for new lessons, so she got A grades. H owever, everything has changed since she started using social media too much. In classes, instead of listening to the professor, she always posts selfies on Facebook and Instagram. At home, with the attraction of social media, she continues using her cellphone and does not study or do assignments. As a result, in the mid-term exam and final exam, she only got C and D grades. Addiction to social media causes a bad habit in studies. It can change a young person from an excellent student to a bad one. Secondly, young people who are addicted to social media can live far away from reality. Because of using a cell phone all day, they will not have time for outdoor activities such as playing sports or camping. Instead of going out to meet friends or talk to their parents, these people love chatting with friends on social media. They will just stay at home and update their news on social media. They post status or photos to share with their friends on social media. Gradually, they will only live in a virtual world. Amanda, a teenager in America, is a clear example. When her mother bought her a cell phone for her 18th birthday, she became a person addicted to social media. She did not go swimming with her friends during weekends. She rarely talked with her parents. During family vacation, she always took photos of food and places she visited and notified her friends on Facebook or Instagram. Now, she posts her feeling status with a photo on social media everyday. Her life is updated fre quently on social media. Social media is regarded as the world she lives in, the world in which we only communicate through icons, comments and likes. And last but not least, using social media too much will have a serious impact on health. Because the young are addicted to social media, they will go to bed late to read news on Facebook or chat with friends. Staying up late is really harmful to the health, especially, the brain. If the young do not sleep enough, their health will be affected seriously by losing weight or always feeling tired. Their brains also will not work effectively and they will be in sleepy condition. Moreover, addiction to social media can cause depression in the young. When the young use social media, they will see other people on social media. If the young see other people who are better than them in appearance or talent, they can feel inferior. These young people can envy the people who are more famous or intelligent than them, and they also feel ashamed of themselves. They always wonder why they cannot be excellent, talented or beautiful like others. Therefore, they feel under pressure, stressed and depre ssed. These mental problems are very dangerous to the young people because these mental problems cause the young people lose their minds and eventually, choose death. In conclusion, although using social media has many benefits in our lives, addiction to social media is not good. It will have awful influences on studying, make us live way from reality and have bad effects on health. In order to avoid being addicted to social media, young people should spend more time playing sports, studying and taking part in activities in schools.

The Duties Of A Secretary :: essays research papers

The Duties of A Secretary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When we enter a law office the first individual we meet is the legal secretary. She is the one withe responsibility for the correspondence, records, and other affairs of a.law office. The word â€Å"secretary† reflects its Latin root secretum (secret), which originally referred to a person who acted as a confidant, and handled matters of a private nature for his principal. The executive position or executive secretary is one of major responsibility in business or government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First responsibility of a legal secretary each day is open, read, and note all mail received that day. It is Important in a law office. The mail often includes legal documents crucial to a certain case that day. She must be familiar with all standard forms used in the office. Affidavits, bills of sale, deeds, leases, mortgages, powers of attorney, propositions, and wills.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tape Shorthand theory means the writing down of dictation from an employer, and then transcribing the material onto sheets with the aid of earphones and computer. Every secretary is required to have a skill speed of 80 WPM before graduating, also when taking the civil service exan. In some offices the dictation is seized by one secretary while the typing is completed by another. Usually larger offices hire clerk typist. It is important that secretaries are capable of reading each others shorthand notes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every legal secretary works with computers, duplicators, stencil machines, but the dictaphone is usually the most frequently utilized. Information must be transcribed quickly, and accurately in attractive form.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Filing systems are important to any secretary. The files at any office must be maintained in perfect order, so that any file may be located promptly by any person authorized to use the files. General secretaries often work inside an organization where company records are maintained by special file clerks inside a central filing room, but the secretary may still remain responsible for all the filing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A secretary must learn the rules of four basic filing systems. The alphabetic, subject, geographic, and numeric systems. Also the vertical files, card files, and open shelf files. Files for audimated data pocessing are required by many firms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Two remaining basic skills of general and legal secretaries are: Receptionist, trained to meet and route visitors, customers, salesmen, and handle nuisance calls. They greet all visiters with the â€Å"red carpet treatment† by treating them with royalty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The well-trained secretary who is able to accept responsibilies who is able to relieve her employer of many management duties is a real valuable employee to any company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I studied the secretarial course at BOCES for two years. I understand the responsibilities of a secretary.

Parent-Child Relationship

The topic I have choose for my paper is that of relationship between parents and children. Some of the points that I will be discussing are child abuse, child neglect and how it can affect a child and the relationship with the parents. A parent-child relationship is a special relationship that has a huge effect on the way that the child will turn out. This relationship is formed through pregnancy, adoption, and step parenting. Parenting requires a great deal of adaptation. The parents want to develop a strong bond with their child but they also want to maintain a healthy marital relationship and adult friendships. Potential parents often ask themselves what they will be like when they are parents and try to recall some experiences when they were children. Mothers are the primary caretakers of the children. The fathers have had minimal care taking responsibilities. Many women, if they had a career before hand, have to give it up to stay at home with the child. Although, many fathers where the wives must work become important in the process of care taking because their role must increase to their children. Studies of human fathers and their infants confirm that many fathers can act sensitively with their infant (according to Parke & Sawin, 1980) and their infants form attachments to both their mothers and fathers at roughly the same age (according to Lamb, 1977). A number of studies have been done on the caretaker’s effects on the child and suggests that the effects may have been caused by child’s behavior as much as by the caretaker’s (according to Bell 1979). The child’s aggression level can be affected by the parent’s authoritarian discipline. â€Å"Parents differ widely in sensing the needs of their infants. Some parents are able to quickly notice their child’s moods and periods of distress, this is called synchrony, and they then comfort their child’s needs. Another way that parents react may be slow or they may not even notice a need for action. That is called asynchrony†(according to Schaffer, 1977). In 1978 a group of researchers in infant development at the University of Wisconsin demonstrated that mothers’ synchrony with their infants’ needs prompts physiological responses. The infant’s temperament may partially stem from the way in which the mother handles the child. The child is affected by the way that they are treated even when they are infants. Frank Perderson and his colleagues in 1977 conducted research on what the link was between spouse relationship and parent-infant relationship. â€Å"Perderson and his colleagues believed that the three units of interaction (mother-father, mother-child, father-child) are interrelated† (according to Perderson 1977). This showed that when the wife and husband showed positive interaction towards each other (smiling and affection) they then would show their infant affection. When there was negative interaction between the wife and husband (verbal critic and blame) it was strongly linked to negative affection shown to the infant by the father. A form of negative interaction by a parent with their child is child neglect. Child neglect is when the parent of the child fails to meet the child’s basic physical or psychological needs. Child neglect is the most common and most destructive form of child maltreatment. Child Neglect can occur in any family, rich or poor, but neglectful parents tend to have little education, money, few friends, and many children. Neglect can take many forms, such as inadequate clothing, shelter, or medical care. The three most harmful forms of child neglect are inadequate food (nutrition), safety and love. (According to the Encyclopedia of Psychology) Inadequate Food (nutrition): This is the most basic form of physical neglect. In North America more infants die starving to death then dieing by brutality. Improper feeding doesn’t just have to be starving to death, it can also what the child eats and what the parents allow their child to eat. Feeding a child improperly may also result in obesity, which can cause severe damage of a child’s ego in middle childhood. Safety: Inadequate supervision and precaution are examples of child neglect, and are present in ninety percent (90%) of the serious accidents that happen to children. â€Å"In North America more children die of accidents than the next six causes of childhood death combined† (according to the Encyclopedia of Psychology). This is not to say that parental neglect is the only causes of childhood accidents Love: Older children are able to meet their own needs for nourishment and safety. Every child, no matter what their age, needs the love of their parents. Like John Lennon of the Beatles said â€Å" All you need is love†. Although parents may meet their child’s physical needs but miss their psychological needs. Parental love takes on different forms. â€Å"The first year one-on-one interaction with a caretaker is important. The second year encouragement of exploration and language is vital. In early childhood cognitive development should be simulated. In middle childhood school achievement and friendships should be fostered. In adolescence growing independence must be balanced by continued evidence of parental concern† (according to â€Å"Psychology† by Don Baucum). It is the parents’ job to supply those materials until the child is grown and is capable to supply himself/herself with these materials of life. Love has to always be present by the parents even until their dying days. Another form of negative interaction between a parents and their child is child abuse. â€Å"Child Abuse is defined as the non accidental injury of children by their parent or guardian† (according to â€Å"Psychology† by Don Vacuum). Child abuse can be either mental or physical. The way Americans approach child abuse has followed the shifting history of social values and attitudes toward children. Child abuse is a big obstacle in the relationship between a parent and their child. Child abuse is a major form of negative interaction between a parents and their child. Sexual abuse is in it’s own separate area which deserves attention in it’s own right. Sexual abuse can take place with or without other physical abuse or neglect. The majority of physical abuse requires no medical treatment and fewer that one percent (1%) receive fatal injuries. â€Å"Studies find boys to be more frequently abused physically than girls until adolescence, then with the inclusion of sexual abuse, girls are more frequently abused† (according to the Encyclopedia of Psychology). Most parents who abuse their child carry no serious psychiatric diagnosis, but they do often have difficulty with social relationships. The parents also have a problem with controlling their temper and impulsive behavior, which becomes violent. Most of these parents don’t experience considerable stress from their environment, but have difficulty dealing with stress through appropriate behavior. Negative interaction in the parent/child relationship can cause behavior disorders in the child. Alcoholism, hostility, cruelty, neglect, overprotection of the child or excessive ambitions for the child are disruptive actions that may lead to behavior disorders. Child psychiatry is a way to help the problems in the relationship between the parent/child. Children watch their parents closely and are sensitive to their moods and actions. They are like this because they know that their care and well being rest solely in the hands of their parents. The key relationship in any two-part family is the parental relationship. Children’s knowledge of how they are supposed to treat each other, is reflected mainly upon their observations of how their parents treat each other and other people. Parent/child relationship is important because they provide the main context in how they are to be social. The parent/child relationship is important because it allows the child to learn from his/her parents. Good, loving parents will help to develop a better child. A good relationship will allow for good friendships later in life and also a good upbringing. Parent-Child Relationship The topic I have choose for my paper is that of relationship between parents and children. Some of the points that I will be discussing are child abuse, child neglect and how it can affect a child and the relationship with the parents. A parent-child relationship is a special relationship that has a huge effect on the way that the child will turn out. This relationship is formed through pregnancy, adoption, and step parenting. Parenting requires a great deal of adaptation. The parents want to develop a strong bond with their child but they also want to maintain a healthy marital relationship and adult friendships. Potential parents often ask themselves what they will be like when they are parents and try to recall some experiences when they were children. Mothers are the primary caretakers of the children. The fathers have had minimal care taking responsibilities. Many women, if they had a career before hand, have to give it up to stay at home with the child. Although, many fathers where the wives must work become important in the process of care taking because their role must increase to their children. Studies of human fathers and their infants confirm that many fathers can act sensitively with their infant (according to Parke & Sawin, 1980) and their infants form attachments to both their mothers and fathers at roughly the same age (according to Lamb, 1977). A number of studies have been done on the caretaker’s effects on the child and suggests that the effects may have been caused by child’s behavior as much as by the caretaker’s (according to Bell 1979). The child’s aggression level can be affected by the parent’s authoritarian discipline. â€Å"Parents differ widely in sensing the needs of their infants. Some parents are able to quickly notice their child’s moods and periods of distress, this is called synchrony, and they then comfort their child’s needs. Another way that parents react may be slow or they may not even notice a need for action. That is called asynchrony†(according to Schaffer, 1977). In 1978 a group of researchers in infant development at the University of Wisconsin demonstrated that mothers’ synchrony with their infants’ needs prompts physiological responses. The infant’s temperament may partially stem from the way in which the mother handles the child. The child is affected by the way that they are treated even when they are infants. Frank Perderson and his colleagues in 1977 conducted research on what the link was between spouse relationship and parent-infant relationship. â€Å"Perderson and his colleagues believed that the three units of interaction (mother-father, mother-child, father-child) are interrelated† (according to Perderson 1977). This showed that when the wife and husband showed positive interaction towards each other (smiling and affection) they then would show their infant affection. When there was negative interaction between the wife and husband (verbal critic and blame) it was strongly linked to negative affection shown to the infant by the father. A form of negative interaction by a parent with their child is child neglect. Child neglect is when the parent of the child fails to meet the child’s basic physical or psychological needs. Child neglect is the most common and most destructive form of child maltreatment. Child Neglect can occur in any family, rich or poor, but neglectful parents tend to have little education, money, few friends, and many children. Neglect can take many forms, such as inadequate clothing, shelter, or medical care. The three most harmful forms of child neglect are inadequate food (nutrition), safety and love. (According to the Encyclopedia of Psychology) Inadequate Food (nutrition): This is the most basic form of physical neglect. In North America more infants die starving to death then dieing by brutality. Improper feeding doesn’t just have to be starving to death, it can also what the child eats and what the parents allow their child to eat. Feeding a child improperly may also result in obesity, which can cause severe damage of a child’s ego in middle childhood. Safety: Inadequate supervision and precaution are examples of child neglect, and are present in ninety percent (90%) of the serious accidents that happen to children. â€Å"In North America more children die of accidents than the next six causes of childhood death combined† (according to the Encyclopedia of Psychology). This is not to say that parental neglect is the only causes of childhood accidents Love: Older children are able to meet their own needs for nourishment and safety. Every child, no matter what their age, needs the love of their parents. Like John Lennon of the Beatles said â€Å" All you need is love†. Although parents may meet their child’s physical needs but miss their psychological needs. Parental love takes on different forms. â€Å"The first year one-on-one interaction with a caretaker is important. The second year encouragement of exploration and language is vital. In early childhood cognitive development should be simulated. In middle childhood school achievement and friendships should be fostered. In adolescence growing independence must be balanced by continued evidence of parental concern† (according to â€Å"Psychology† by Don Baucum). It is the parents’ job to supply those materials until the child is grown and is capable to supply himself/herself with these materials of life. Love has to always be present by the parents even until their dying days. Another form of negative interaction between a parents and their child is child abuse. â€Å"Child Abuse is defined as the non accidental injury of children by their parent or guardian† (according to â€Å"Psychology† by Don Vacuum). Child abuse can be either mental or physical. The way Americans approach child abuse has followed the shifting history of social values and attitudes toward children. Child abuse is a big obstacle in the relationship between a parent and their child. Child abuse is a major form of negative interaction between a parents and their child. Sexual abuse is in it’s own separate area which deserves attention in it’s own right. Sexual abuse can take place with or without other physical abuse or neglect. The majority of physical abuse requires no medical treatment and fewer that one percent (1%) receive fatal injuries. â€Å"Studies find boys to be more frequently abused physically than girls until adolescence, then with the inclusion of sexual abuse, girls are more frequently abused† (according to the Encyclopedia of Psychology). Most parents who abuse their child carry no serious psychiatric diagnosis, but they do often have difficulty with social relationships. The parents also have a problem with controlling their temper and impulsive behavior, which becomes violent. Most of these parents don’t experience considerable stress from their environment, but have difficulty dealing with stress through appropriate behavior. Negative interaction in the parent/child relationship can cause behavior disorders in the child. Alcoholism, hostility, cruelty, neglect, overprotection of the child or excessive ambitions for the child are disruptive actions that may lead to behavior disorders. Child psychiatry is a way to help the problems in the relationship between the parent/child. Children watch their parents closely and are sensitive to their moods and actions. They are like this because they know that their care and well being rest solely in the hands of their parents. The key relationship in any two-part family is the parental relationship. Children’s knowledge of how they are supposed to treat each other, is reflected mainly upon their observations of how their parents treat each other and other people. Parent/child relationship is important because they provide the main context in how they are to be social. The parent/child relationship is important because it allows the child to learn from his/her parents. Good, loving parents will help to develop a better child. A good relationship will allow for good friendships later in life and also a good upbringing.

11 Motivational Quotes For When You Are Job Seeking

11 Motivational Quotes For When You Are Job Seeking Looking for a job is often a long and challenging process. One of the most difficult things about it is staying motivated when it just seems like you have spent hours formatting one line on your resume or sending out another cover letter. But it is important to remember that it takes a lot of work to find a good job, let alone one that is right for you and your career direction. When you are down, say some of these to yourself: 1. Live life as if everything is rigged in your favor. – Rumi  2. There is no hierarchy expect quality. – Arianna Huffington  3. Schedule your creative time. – John Legend  4. Nothing kills creativity more than stress. – Arianna Huffington  5. There is only one way to avoid criticism: Do nothing, say nothing, and be nothing. – Aristotle  6. The person who says it cannot be done should not interrupt the person who is doing it. – Chinese Proverb  7. We become what we think about. – Earl Nightingale   8. If you’re going through hell, keep going. – Winston Churchill  9. Good things come to people who wait, but better things come to those who go out and get them. – Unknown  10. Self expression is the new form of entertainment   11. Okay, the trampoline was a bad idea. But you know what? At least I’m out there trying new things. – Homer Simpson

Experiential Learning Theory The WritePass Journal

Experiential Learning Theory Experiential Learning Theory IntroductionDescription of a case from my teachingLearning theory applicable to my teaching caseExperiential Learning Theory (Kolb)Principles of Experiential Learning:Four Stages of Kolb’s Learning CycleConcrete experience:Reflective observation:Abstract conceptualization:Active experimentation:Four Types of Learning Styles (Kolb, 1976)AssimilatorsConvergers   AccommodatorsDivergersRelevance of KOLB Learning theorY TO MY CASEConcrete Experience:Reflection: Abstract Conceptualisation:Active Experimentation:Some Practical Difficulties and Potential ImprovementsReferencesRelated Introduction It is difficult to define learning but I understand from my teachers that it is the acquisition of knowledge and skills from instructions or studies. The teachers have an inclination and desire to help our learners acquire, maintain or develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes that they need in the context of their everyday work (Mann 2002). According to Knowles, learning is broadly defined as the occurrence of change in a person with regards to behaviour, skills, knowledge and attitude. (Knowles 2005).    Description of a case from my teaching This was an intra-operative training for a Core Medical Trainee doctor (CT Doctor) in the reconstruction of tissue defect using a local skin flap. The trainee had never done this procedure before independently but had seen similar procedures being done and is regularly seeing the postoperative results of cases operated by me and other colleagues in the out patient follow up clinics. The aim of this teaching was a one to one surgical skill teaching of how to do a rhomboid flap, which is a transposition flap to reconstruct the defect following excision of a lesion. Though it was a teaching of an operative technique, it involved three stages namely pre-operative planning, per-operative practical procedure and post-operative documentation and reflection on the performance. The student usually is required to have preliminary prior knowledge about the skin anatomy including the components of flaps, blood circulation and different types of flap configurations based on the design (transposition, rotation and advancement flaps). The student is taught about the preparation on the operating table, draping the operation site, observing all aseptic precautions, removal of the skin lesion (this part is done me in this teaching session), planning of the flap, raising the flap, insetting the flap to fill the defect, suturing the flap and donor site, applying the dressing, documentation of operation notes, reflection on the performance and agreeing on what changes needed to improve the performance next time. Learning theory applicable to my teaching case Experiential Learning Theory (Kolb) The experiential learning theory was developed by Kolb emphasizing the importance of experience in the learning process and based his theory on the work of Dewey, Lewin and Piaget (Kolb 1984). Kolb offers a working definition of learning as â€Å"a process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience† and emphasizes the importance of adaptation, as knowledge is not static but changing, as we learn and relearn through the process of ongoing experience which changes the practice. Kolb built this upon six propositions (Kolb 1984): Learning is best conceived as a process, not in terms of outcomes    Learning is a continuous process grounded in experience    The process of learning requires the resolution of conflicts between dialectically opposed modes of adaptation to the world    Learning is an holistic process of adaptation to the world    Learning results from synergistic transactions between the person and the environment    Learning is a process of creating knowledge Principles of Experiential Learning: Learning occurs best when people learn through their own experiences and from the reflections of their own experiences rather than through lectures and theories to generate knowledge and skills. In learning what the learners do is more important rather than what they know Experiential learning makes the learners’ behaviour and attitudes explicit so that they can be assessed to construct it better for the future experiences. It is not just sufficient to teach the learner what to do but they need to be actually shown how to do and also how to improve it. The cyclical learning offers the learners continuous improvement by repeating the learning wheel over and over. Continuous use of the experiential learning cycle guides individuals and groups or teams towards improved performance and high quality outcomes. Experiential learning is not just about acquiring knowledge and skills but generating experience in the learner to discover what it is like, how it made them feel and what it meant to them, which in turn is the key to generating greater skills. The new experiences not only generate new ideas but also dispose of or modify the old ones. Experiential learning gives importance to the key aspect of learning which is to achieve change in behaviour and attitude by the holistic approach of addressing cognitive, emotional and the physical aspect of the learner. Many learners feel experiential learning process gives a sense of satisfaction, reward or gift because of its value is appreciated by the learner as a vital learning tool Kolb developed a cyclical learning process consisting of four stages (abilities): Concrete experience (abilities)    â€Å"Doing something† Reflective observation (abilities)    â€Å"Observing and reflecting on the action† Abstract conceptualization (abilities) â€Å"Thinking and finding where the action fits in with theory† Active experimentation (abilities) â€Å"Planning to implement the idea to solve actual problems The learning can begin at any of the four stages (Kolb Fry 1975) but needs to go through all four stages to complete and progress further for learning to continue. Kolb and Fry developed four types of learning styles people use and they can be placed between concrete experience and abstract conceptualization; and active experimentation and reflective observation as shown below: Four Stages of Kolb’s Learning Cycle Concrete experience: The learner performs an activity and gains experience. The activity can be a demonstration, a case study or learning a skill such as assisting an operation or performing an operation under supervision. The learner links this awareness or experience with his prior knowledge or experience resulting in a new experience or knowledge and this forms a basis for future experience. Reflective observation: The learner reflects upon the performance as a self-reflection, with that of the observer who is usually the teacher or from a small group in the form of discussion or constructive criticism. This is very important for the learner to link in with his prior knowledge and experience and move forward.    Abstract conceptualization: The learner develops a concept or theory from the knowledge gained through this experience and makes some plans to alter or change his future practice. Active experimentation: At this stage the learner puts into practice of the lessons learnt from this experience to experiment the solutions to improve the new experiential cycle. Four Types of Learning Styles (Kolb, 1976) Assimilators (Abstract conceptualisation reflective observation): This group has a strong ability to learn better when provided with sound logical theories to practice and reflect. They are concerned with abstract concepts than people. Convergers   (Abstract conceptualisation active experimentation): This group learn better when exposed to practical applications of concepts and theories. They are focussed on solving specific problems by reasoning. Accommodators (Concrete experience active experimentation): Their greatest strength is doing things and learn better when given opportunity to have â€Å"hands-on† experiences. They perform well when required to react to immediate circumstances Divergers (Concrete experience reflective observation): This group is strong in imaginative ability and are good at generating ideas and seeing things from different perspectives. They are interested in people. Though there are different predominant styles of learning in each learner, there is considerable overlap and mixture of different situations that is likely to complement the learning. Kolb’s model provides an invaluable practical framework for designing experiential learning for adults. Relevance of KOLB Learning theorY TO MY CASE Concrete Experience: The CT doctor started from the stage of concrete experience when the flap procedure was planned. He has seen me doing the flap procedure before and he has also assisted me to perform this procedure before. We had discussion pre-operatively, which triggered his pre-existing knowledge about the flap and his prior knowledge of anatomy, technique of flap elevation, insetting, and suturing in place. This is followed by the operative procedure done by him and I assisted him. This practical experience imparted new level of understanding to him and assimilated with his prior knowledge. Reflection: After the completion of the operation and documentation, we had time to reflect on this new experience and consolidate the experience with the prior knowledge to form a new knowledge.   During the discussion, I have acknowledged the good points and both have agreed the importance of tissue handling, suture placements in relation to tissue planes and the need to trim off the excess bulky tissues in the flap to fill the defect better. Abstract Conceptualisation: As a result of above discussion and feedback, we have identified areas for improvement as mentioned above for the transposition flap. We have agreed that I will assist him again in another similar case when he can apply those principles during the procedure. I also introduced the concept of rotation flap and advancement flap as in some cases, after removal of lesion and creating the defect, it is not always possible to perform transposition flap. The learner has some prior theoretical knowledge about the configuration and surgical technique of rotation and advancement flaps. I gave further guidance regarding reading materials – flap books and specific articles. This fine-tuning has helped in preparing the learner for active experimentation in a new cycle. Active Experimentation: After two weeks, the learner developed further reading related to the new concepts following the above discussion and attended my skin cancer clinics. We selected two cases needing operation to remove the lesion and reconstruction using local flaps. We applied his knowledge and prior experience to formulate the new treatment plan to carry out very soon. This has prepared him for the new encounter of active experimentation stage described by Kolb. Some Practical Difficulties and Potential Improvements I have come across problems and difficulties during the flap teaching sessions and I have enumerated them with the possible solutions, which I hope will improve my future teaching and make it more beneficial to the trainee and safer to the patients. Reflection of the learners with that of teachers’ observation is an important part of this learning cycle. Problem: The operative technique teaching of the flap to cover a tissue defect is mostly done under local anaesthesia with the patient awake. It is not always easy to talk all the aspects explicitly during the procedure. How to overcome it: One of the options would be to plan the first cycle of operative learning in patient who wanted the procedure under general anaesthesia. Problem: In some instances we have missed out this session of reflection due to lack of time, busy operating list and the learner had to attend ward patients or dressing clinic patients. How to overcome it: I need to plan this teaching session when the learner has a protected time to attend my appropriate theatre session. In cases of unforeseen circumstances causing this, I instruct the learner to write down his thoughts of reflection of the session and send it by email which will enable me give my impressions to him personally at a mutually agreeable time to move forward with an agreed plan for future experiences. The other option is to hand over the further continuity of learning to another colleague. Problem: Quite often Core Trainees in Plastic Surgery do not attend the Dressing Clinic to see the post-operative results when the patient returns for the suture removal and they also miss the opportunity when the patient returns to out patient clinic subsequently for pathology results. Reviewing the patients on these two occasions is equally important to complete the learning process. How to overcome it: I have started including in the post-operative instruction to call that particular Trainee doctor (for specific cases) when the patient returns for suture removal. Another option is to book the patient into my dressing clinic session and encourage the learner to attend. I also inform the trainee that the assessment form will be completed after he has seen the patients’ post-operative result. This is an incentive for them to attend the clinic. Problem: Kolb cycle may be difficult to apply to all trainees and there are some cultural differences the way the trainees are trained, for example trainees from Indian subcontinent or from Europe. How to overcome it: I will use spiral method of learning proposed by Dewey in this type of surgical technique teaching so that the learner follows it through the spirals to modify and improve the quality of outcome performance. I would also incorporate four-stage process of teaching in theatre (Walker Peyton, 1998) as part of the Kolb cycle depending on the pre-existing experience of the learner. Stage I involves my demonstration of the normal procedure at normal speed. In stage II, I will carry out the procedure again with full explanation and trainee is encouraged to ask questions. I perform the procedure for a third time during the III stage with trainee describing the steps, being questioned on key issues and providing any necessary correction. This stage continues until I am satisfied that the trainee fully understands the procedure. Now we move on to the final stage when the trainee carries out the procedure under close supervision, describing each step before it is undertaken . Thus this drilling of four-stage surgical skill development is followed by repetition to increase the confidence and further practicing of the skills to master it to apply in different situations. I will employ flexibility as to where to start the training depending on the individual trainees’ abilities and their prior knowledge and experience. Here is a framework I plan to use for the future flap teaching sessions:       References    Mann K V. (2002) Thinking about learning: Implications for Principle-Based Professional Education, The Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 22: 69-76 Knowles M S, Holton E F, Swanson R A. (2005) What is Learning, The Adult Learner, Elsevier, Burlington, MA Kolb D A. (1984) Experiential Learning, Experience as the source of Learning and Development, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Kolb D A. (1976) The Learning Style Inventory: Technical Manual, Boston, Ma.: McBer. Kolb D A. (1981) Learning styles and disciplinary differences. in A. W. Chickering (ed.) The Modern American College, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Kolb D A, Fry R. (1975) Toward an applied theory of experiential learning;, in C. Cooper (ed.) Theories of Group Process, London: John Wiley. Walker M, Peyton R. (1998) Teaching in the Theatre, Teaching and learning in medical practice, Manticore Europe, Pages 171-180

Chippewas in the Early Twentieth Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chippewas in the Early Twentieth Century - Essay Example view of civilization into the American white mainstream assimilation. The Chippewa in twentieth century Indians’ experience in the reservations Reservation has been a fundamental feature in the Indian-American history during two centuries; for some Indians, it is a reminder of Euro-American colonialism where indigenous Americans were subjected to small camps and their lands taken away. The guiding principle for the reservation of indigenous people was that the American whites felt that they possessed the original right to that land and that indigenous people were to obtain it either through purchase or negotiations to form treaties and agreements. The federal government also used military force, conquest and discovery concept in order to incorporate indigenous groups into camps and, therefore, into the national fold.3 Reservations were recognized by the laws and in 1775, Indian affairs department was formed to deal with issues of Indians in the reserves. After the independence , a national policy of administration of Indians was adopted and this gave congress powers to trade, treaties, warfare over the Indians and then right to take away land of Indians. With those powers and privileges, the congress in 1778 formed Indian reservations through treaty/statute confining Indian tribes in specific boundaries.4 In the period of 1828-1838, over 90,000 Native Americans were forced to move to west of Mississippi river and gave the abandoned land to its white citizens. The native tribes (Indians) suffered population decrease since the federal government used force to relocate them, the small tribal governments they had were disrupted and as they tried to form tribal government in places where they settled, they were weakened. In 1916, the Chippewa were given Rocky boy Indian reservation, a large military reservation and portion of the Fort Assiniboine; while in the early twentieth century, they traded with the army officers and had no land since they had been displ aced by the white Americans. The reason behind the reservation of the Indian tribes was in two dimensions; the resources of the Native Americans could be exploited and at a minimum cost, and the reservations were a test of social engineering that were seen as a refuge institution for the endangered race and through it, they can be uplifted by assimilation and, indeed, the office of Indians established by congress promoted assimilation and breaking the notion of salvage life to civilized values through insisting on education, agricultural labor and development of finances, with this, the government perceived reservations as a controlled method of civilization through an agent (Indian office), thus, it was sanctioned.5 Some laws were made just for the

Labor Party in America Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Labor Party in America - Case Study Example Three significant factors can be defined in order to explain the issue: a) repression level; b) religion; c) more strict communist position. It is a fact that in the United States labor movement has more severe communist principles. The level of repression in the United States is higher and the issues connected with religion are recognized as very important because in America religion plays a very important role for everybody choosing what party to adhere to. A great number of American citizens refused from being members of trade unions, because it is very important for many of them to be a Democrat or a Republican. The active popularization of human rights also explains why Americans are inclined to accept socialist principles and leave trade unions. Trottier states: In the 1990s, there was the beginning of a labor party in the US, but the vast majority of the unions in this country refused to break with the Democrats and Republicans and join this party. Even a few of the unions who supported the Labor Party also continued their support of some Democrats. The Labor Party could have played an educational role in developing a future mass labor party. It would have needed to organize rallies, mass meetings and run at least some candidates in a few elections. The fact that it did not do this led many people to drop out as they could not see it developing further (Trottier, 2009). Does America need labor party' A great number of American employees, who were on the side of Democrats, when the elections were held, now are not satisfied with their activity and with the absence of any positive changes. Now many people are inclined to build a labor party. They see it including trade unions with the rights to vote (Yates, 1998). The party will have local representations and special representation for young people who study or can't find job. The supporters are sure that there will be no lack of members because in the current political situation there are many people who can't find job or are afraid to be fired. Also there is a great number of Americans who want to stop wars abroad and bring American troops back home. Moreover, there are many former unions' members. Trottier states: We see the struggle to change the union leadership's policies of supporting the big business political parties as part of a struggle for more democratic unions that will the fight against give-backs to the boss and use more militant tactics to win strike battles. The Workers International League works with any and all who struggle for these changes in the unions. We also bring the issue of the need for a mass labor party to other campaigns such as the immigrants' rights and anti-war movements (Trottier, 2009). Conclusion The conclusion can be made that there are no relevant reasons or factors in the United States, which would not allow to have labor party. In the current political situation, when employment rates are getting higher, there is a question asked by many American citizens: does America need labor party founded on trade unions' Dissatisfied with the current polit

Report about the aviation bureau Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Report about the aviation bureau - Essay Example It provides air transport summary data, which is summary information about the nonstop segment and on-flight market. This is a report by air carriers on Form 41 and 298C (U.S Department of Transport, 2015). The bureau gives airline on-time performance data. The data accounts for at least one percent of domestic booked passenger revenues, which consist of scheduled and actual arrivals and departure times for flights, and it is reported monthly. Other services offered are as follows. Origin and Destination Survey (DB1B) which includes data of origin, destination, and other itinerary details of carried passenger and at least a sample of 10% airline tickets is taken from reporting carrier. American Travel Survey: it includes national data on the nature and features of long-distance personal travels. Aviation support: It provides comprehensive geographical data and carrier entities. Commodity Flow Survey: It is conducted in every five years and consists of shipment information. Intermodal Passenger Connectivity Database consist of national data table of passenger transportation terminals with information on connectivity among the various scheduled public transportation (U.S Department of Transport, 2015). Small Air Carrier Statistics is information on small carrier performance in booked or non-booked and charter services. Air carrier employees comprise of a number of employees of all major domestic air carriers. Aviation Accid ent Database and Synopses are database of unsafe civil aviation incidents within the state and in global water. Accidents summary is a brief of all annual fatalities, injuries, and accident of all air carriers. Finally, aviation safety reporting system is a collection of data sets relevant to aviation

Effects of Illegal immigration on Staffing Essay Example for Free

Effects of Illegal immigration on Staffing Essay Illegal immigration is the scenario where people travel from a different country and enter another country using false documents or means that and makes it hard for the authorities to trace those who do so. The level of illegal immigrants to developing countries like the USA has been increasing tremendously in the recent past causing increased debates about their causes and effects. The most outstanding effect of illegal immigration basically touches on cost of public service and labor thus forcing several states to enact policies that may ultimately in reducing the number of public services available to the immigrants. Their number of illegal immigrant to the US has been gradually increasing until it has made it hard for the authorities to ascertain exactly their numbers or their exact residences (Yoshida, 2000). Background A lot of inconsistencies exist between affluent and poor nations both in wages and employment opportunities and this is responsible for the mass influx of residents from poorer countries to wealthier countries like the US. This has resulted in the illegal immigration from the poorer developing and less developed countries causing the problem of labor importation to the host country. This research will focus and analyze the effects of illegal immigration on the income, labor, and the process of recruitment and selection of labor on the host country like the USA. It is also important to note that, a problem is created in the country of origin of the immigrants (Scullion Collings, 2006). The size of population in most poor countries usually exceeds the rate of employment and when this is coupled with political, ethnic and religious instabilities the rate of emigration is accelerated and this results in unending problems on the host country. Staffing is the process in which an organization acquires new and qualified employees to work in order to achieve their objectives and goals. This process entails among other steps replacement, recruitment and selection. Recruitment is usually done when jobs have been analyzed according to the tasks that have been performed and then writing them to suitable job descriptions. This requires the selectors to have basic knowledge on academic qualifications, skills and abilities of those to be selected and the undesired characteristics identified. When it comes to replacement of staff very critical questions are asked to the would-be employees with the help of expert consultants. It is necessary for the experts to handle the process professionally to ascertain the suitability of the job seekers (Dale, 2003). The most important sources of recruitment that may be used for global staffing include internal promotion and introductions, used of recruitment agencies and advertising especially the use of local and the international media. The firm that seeks to recruit individuals as their employees will always try their best to discrimination by race, sex among other forms and this will help in upholding their reputation. When they do this, they always ensure that the candidate they select meet all the requirements that qualifies them to be employed for the particular job that they seek. However, in the developed countries like the USA, there are a lot of illegal immigrants and this affects the recruitment and selection process to the extent that the concerned firm or company may have its reputation tainted. They will however be following what is required of them by the legislation since a country requires all people who work to pay taxes but in this case, the illegal immigrants will be a burden to the government since they do not pay any federal tax (Haines Rosenblum, 1999) Findings and Discussions It is apparently clear that illegal immigration has both positive and negative effects to the general economy and the process of staffing. It is important to note illegal immigration affects the country of origin and the country of destination but the effects are severe on both sides. In this research we are going to consider the United States as the country of destination and Mexico as the country of origin where people emigrate from. Statistics from the Pew Hispanic Center indicate that more than 50% of illegal immigrants in the U. S. originate from Mexico and they supply low-skilled labor to farmers and employers. It is clear that no formal steps and procedures of staffing are followed by the employers who higher the immigrants (Bean Vernez1989). The effects of this illegal immigration that were identified are as follows; burdens the tax-based resources, leads to shortage of labor in the country of origin, fake document mills, tax evasion, distortion of the law of demand and supply in a capitalistic market, drags down the compensation of workers welfare and negative effects on working and middle class citizens. The other effects of illegal immigrations that generally affect the economy and workers is the fact that it makes it hard for a country to raise the minimum wages, it makes the unscrupulous employers to pay alien in cash, increase in crime, overpopulation of the host nation, remittance of money to their country of origin, lack of government reimbursement and mortgage and loan fraud (Bean Vernez1989). It is however important to state that illegal immigration has some positive effects to the economy and includes; provision of cheap labor making harvesting in agriculture relatively cheap, increase of cash flow to retail business, increase in profits of auto insurers, creates a market pool for local foods produced, they purchase real estate, some of them may open bank accounts may make the bankers earn some revenue. Immigrants may also spur economic growth and provides better lifestyles to those enter the country illegally. It is noticeable therefore that illegal immigration has both negative and positive effects (Yoshida, 2000). This raises a very fundamental question whether those found as criminals for being in a country illegally with no valid documents should be judged considering the difficult times caused by the pressures of unemployment, lack of homes, poverty, disillusion, lack of education and low-paying jobs in their country of origin (Daugherty Kammeyer, 1995). As initially stated, illegal immigration causes shortage of labor in their home country because they prefer going to the developed countries. This will ultimately affect the economic growth of the country negatively because there is no labor force to drive the economy. Lack of labor will force the staffing agencies of those countries to lower the minimum job requirements so that they can be able to get the required employees to work for them. This lowers the credibility of the recruitment agencies and the human resource managers who are involved in global staffing. This may make a country to have poorly qualified staffs that do shoddy work and this will lead to poor performance of the economy and ultimate increase in poverty. Illegal immigration promotes brain drain; a situation where the best knowledgeable staff and educated move to other developed countries to look for ‘greener pastures’ for the careers. This will therefore affects the process of recruitment and selection in a negative way (Haines Rosenblum, 1999) Illegal immigration also has a direct effect on the tax-based resources due to the burden exerted by the illegal immigrant. In the United States, all people who work there are taxed by the federal government. Such money obtained as taxed are later used to improve other public facilities among them hospitals, schools among others. However, the government does not have clear-cut measures to ensure that those being treated in such hospitals or using other facilities are the true citizens. This will therefore lead to exerting too much pressure on the resources and may ultimately lead to provision of poor quality services to the genuine citizens. This may have a negative impact of on the labor productivity and the morale of the workers. When this happens, the work done by the citizens may not be well done basically because their esteem has been undermined. This will later make staffing encounter a lot of difficulties in trying to identify the best employees to be promoted since this is always done on the basis of customer performance. The affected organizations or firms may have to use other terms and methods to carry out various staffing processes and this will obviously taint the reputation of the recruitment agency since staffing ethics may not have been properly followed (Daugherty Kammeyer, 1995). This clearly indicates that illegal immigration by straining the resources has a direct impact on the performance of worker. It is clear that illegal immigration leads to an influx of workers to the country of destination like the United States. This will lead to a greater supply of jobs in the market more than it can be absorbed or taken in by the recruitment agencies who work on behalf of companies who are in need of employees. This will lead to the distortion of the law of demand and supply for labor in the market. This may happen in two ways: the first scenario is a situation where the immigrants provide cheap labor for whoever needs it. It is obviously certain that some firms and companies may lay off the workers in preference of the cheap labor in the market. By doing so, they will not have followed any ethics that entails the staffing procedures. The act of dismissing qualified workers with preference of employing those with lower qualifications does not entail any staffing ethics. This shows therefore how illegal immigration may negatively affect the process of recruitment and selection (LeMay, 2007). The other way in which the law of supply and supply is distorted happens especially when more qualified workers immigrate illegally to a country. This will force companies or firms to lay off its workers in preference of the more qualified workers. This automatically makes the companies to lower the minimum wage so as to indirectly discourage workers and some will later resign thus creating opportunities for the cheap labor. When they resign, employment opportunities are created and the human resource managers will rush for the cheap labor. When they do so, they staffers and recruitment agencies may not necessarily follow the correct staffing or recruitment procedures and in the long run, may negatively affect the reputation of global human resource and the entire process of staffing. This indicates that illegal immigration is a vice that must be avoided and checked at all cost (Adler Gielen, 2003). The United States has registered an increased crime in the border between it and Mexico due to a lot of immigrant who enter the two neighboring states. In most of those who enter illegally believe that New Mexico is part of Mexico itself and some even engage in cross-border crime and drug-trafficking as they try to enter the United States. Any crime and a rise of the same will obviously affect adversely the productivity of the citizens who have previously been enjoying the serenity of the working environment. It is important to note that the whole process of staffing is not done over-night. Some processes like promotion and selection may require the monitoring of the employee performance over a certain period of time. It may therefore happen that the period to review the employee performance was when there was rampant crime within the place of work or within the vicinity. The performance the employee at that time will obviously be poor and should any of the process of staffing be mandatory then the rules and regulation of such a process may not have to be necessarily followed. This therefore directly points out that the process of staffing is affected by illegal immigration due to the creation of crime (Haines Rosenblum, 1999). The existence of illegal immigrants in an economy makes it hard for the U. S government to raise the minimum wage required of any worker. It has been noted that the illegal immigrants on most occasions engage in menial jobs like maids and nannies where most Americans are not ready to offer their services. A further complicated scenario is when they work in industries and paid cheaply payment for the services rendered. In the event that the genuine residents of the United States demand any increase in their minimum wage, it would be rhetoric to do so because some cheap labor is available within the same market. Since this is part of the staffing process, such happenings may put staffers in a tight spot because those who would want to increase their revenue earnings will not at any time do so. They will therefore have failed to perform their duties of genuine staffing procedures and this may encourage development of bogus recruitment agencies that may not really care about the ethics of staffing. This will therefore affect the process of staffing negatively and this may further affect the performance of workers and a further effect on the entire human resource (Dale, 2003). Illegal immigration may lead to emergence of unscrupulous employers who may not pay them well. Since the immigrants are consciously aware of their crime of being illegally in the country, they virtually have no voice to press for compensation of damages due to injuries met at work. This is because of the fear that they may be traced, tracked and taken back to their country of origin. The workers are therefore left to perish with their own perils since their employers only want to profit themselves out of cheap labor. The workers in this case are not able to claim any compensation that may arise due to the tasks or work that they do. When such things happen, it is not usually part of staffing or human resource to deny the workers what is genuinely theirs and this may greatly affect the reputation of the staffing companies who may have been involved in the process of selection of the workers in question. This may further affect the compensation of other workers and the eventual work performance (LeMay, 2007). It is important to note that, workers are entitled to join workers and trade unions which may in turn help them in solving problems or issues that arise as it concerns their work. However, it is necessary to understand that workers are able to join such unions when they earn a certain minimum wage which may not be practically possible owing the fact that the illegal immigrants are in abundance and law of demand dictates that they be paid less so that the entire pool of workers may be absorbed. This therefore raises a problem of lack of enough voice to articulate for their rights and this affects even the genuine residents of a country. This is because their will be a seemingly large number of workers but when it comes to those who are dully represented a problem arises. This will therefore be negatively affecting the performance of the genuine immigrants and may influence the way their employers handle them. Any friction that may arise between the employer and employee may affect the work performance and any handling that does not favor the welfare of the worker will be unethical and against the basic expectations from a human resource manager. This will ultimately affect the process of staffing on one way or another (OECD, 2000). Illegal immigrants have their own problems in their home country and there is a possibility that they may transfer such problems to the host country. Such problems may include contagious diseases, overpopulation leading to traffic jam and infection of the genuine residents of a country. This will affect the productivity of workers and this may force the human resource managers to hire other workers to replace those who have fallen sick from infection. As it is usual, the process of recruitment and selection is always carried out after stipulated period of time by the human resource managers and not any arbitrary time. It therefore means that the affected company may be forced to re-adjust their schedule so as to replace the sick employees. it is apparently clear that during such time, the companies are desperately in need of quick labor force to replace the on that is missing (Adler Gielen, 2003). As they do this, it would be absurd to think that the process of recruitment and selection is properly followed and this affects the overall process of staffing. The negative effects of illegal immigration can not really be exhaustibly discussed. The other effect includes emergence of individuals who undertake the crime of providing illegal document (visas) to the illegal immigrants. Such people may end up providing documents to illegal immigrants who end up being terrorists who carry out attacks to the harmless citizens. Such attacks like that of 9/11 were carried by illegal immigrants and this has greatly affected the job market in different ways. First is the fact that it has led to the victimization of people of a particular race or origin. Such people may be subjected to unnecessary scrutiny by the authorities thus discouraging them from searching for jobs in the U. S market (Seltser, et al 1998). This may be an additional task to the recruitment agencies that carry out recruitment and selection of employees and may not be part of what they are supposed to do. This will ultimately affect the quality of staffing processes undertaken by global human resource managers who may be dictated to follow recruitment procedures that does not correlate with the staffing ethics. It therefore links illegal immigration, terrorism and staffing (Djajic, 2001). The second effect of terrorism linked to illegal immigration is that, the nation may end up losing personnel and expatriates needed to drive the economy. This usually happens when the country become too obsessed in fighting terrorism. People may also flee from a country for fear of further terrorist attacks and this will reduce the number of qualified employees that are needed. This may force the global human resource managers to lower the qualifications of the needed job so as to acquire the necessary people required to run the economy. This will ultimately distort the common professional techniques of carrying out interviewing and appraising of candidates which is essential for any recruitment process. It will render it hard to get the best people with the correct mental capabilities, motivation and prospective potentials. The other problem that arises due to illegal immigration is tax evasion and loan and mortgage default. This is because the immigrants do not have identification documents that may help in tracing them and eventual lose the money and also tax. The effect does not end there because those employees of the bank may lose their jobs or incur loses themselves since it is assumed that they should have taken thorough vetting of customers before releasing any funds to them. If this happens it may indicate recruitment process may not have been sufficiently done to acquire the best employees who cannot fall for the fraudsters or the defaulters in this particular case. This may require the organization, bank affected to recheck their methods of recruitment and selection in the future. It may also result in the loss of credibility of the recruitment agency that may have been used by the bank to acquire its employees. This will therefore influence the overall mode of staffing (LeMay, 2007). Despite the negatives results of illegal immigration however, there are positive aspects of the illegal immigration to the economy. The most obvious one is the provision of cheap labor to the industries and agriculture. Most immigrants who come from poor countries do menial jobs like maids, cultivating for the flowers and other jobs that residents of the United States may see it necessary for them to do so. This labor when also provided in farms is relatively cheaper than that of the qualified people who reside in that country. This will ultimately minimize the cost of production an ultimately raises the profits margins of the company or the farmer thus influencing growth positively (OECD, 2000). In relation to staffing, it will be realized that no formal recruitment is done when acquiring such form of cheap labor. This therefore shows that, illegal immigration has the positive effect of reducing the cost of recruitment and selection. This will reduce the cost of production and an overall rise in the revenue of the employer. As has been stated earlier, most of the illegal immigrants who are employed prefer cash payment for their work that they have done than the use of credit cards. This is simply because they want to avoid being tracked since it is very possible with the use of credit cards. The cash payment will increase cash flow in the retail business because they will make most of their purchases there. Increase in cash flow will mean that the business in question has made larger amount of sales and it leads to greater revenues and profits. The firm that has made profits may think of expanding its premises and this creates employment opportunities to other people who have skills in the market. The issue of staffing arises here since recruitment agencies may be called in to carry out the exercise and will be required to do so with diligence as to ensure that the best employees are chosen and that they will be able to serve in a better manner that will enhance the profitability and service delivery. It is clearly indicated that cash paid to the illegal immigrants directly or indirectly influence the employment opportunities for other workers in the economy (Djajic, 2001). Immigrants who move to another country though illegally provide a larger market for the locally produced goods. This is because their living standards will improve compared to their home country. This will obviously spur economic growth of the entire nation with increase in the level of growth. This includes creation of a variety of job opportunities to all the people in that country. A further positive aspect that illegal immigration may bring is the purchase of real estate by the immigrants. They may also buy vehicles and this will enhance the growth of the insurance industry. Growth will obviously include the increase in the number of workers in the industry in question and this will influence staffing just as discussed in the cases studied initially. Illegal immigration is a complex issue but we cannot assume that it has no solution (Brings, 1984). The government of the United States and that of Mexico should start by imposing hefty fines to those found in the crime of illegal immigration and the money that is collected should be used to implement efficient security at the border. When this is done, those planning to do so will be discouraged because they will obviously not be able to pay and the only option they will have are to use genuine means to gain entry to the United States. We should not always assume that is cheap but rather have this in mind that it is a source of problems that are very harsh to the economy. Most immigrants in Mexico come over illegally or from other countries in search for jobs in the United States and they prefer the low pay in the United States than a relatively well paying job in their country of origin like Mexico (Seltser, et al 1998). Conclusion The process of staffing constitutes recruitment and selection of the best qualified personnel with the use of the best ethics in acquisition of employees. This is usually done by global human resource managers or recruitment agencies on behalf of companies or individuals and it is their duty to ensure that the best recruitment procedures are followed so as to obtain the qualified personnel (Scullion Collings, 2006). However, illegal immigration has brought in a lot of problems that affect the quality of the recruitment procedures. As it has been seen in this research, illegal immigration may affect the process of staffing in several ways chief among them, shortage of labor in the country of origin, increase in crime that lead to lowered self esteem of the workers, and distortion of the law of demand and supply. In addition to this there is a further use of public facilities like hospitals and schools in excess of what they may be able to do so. This results in influencing the attitude of workers towards work. It has also been reported that there is increased crime, smuggling of goods and drug trafficking between the border of Mexico and the United States (Lee, 1996). It is however important to not that that illegal immigration has some positive effects and this may include the provision of cheap labor to companies and individuals by lowering the operational cost thus enhancing the market revenue. The laborers also provide ready market for the very local goods that may have otherwise have been wasted and this will influence labor supply in one way or the other. Anything that influences labor supply also influences how and when the recruitment and selection process is carried out (Brings, 1984). Furthermore, it determines how best the ethics have been executed since the greater the degree of ethics that been followed the better the staffing procedures and one is sure to get the best qualified employee out of the others. It is apparently clear that the past history of illegal immigration has been pronounced and has affected the process of economic growth in one way or the other in the United States and Mexico. The effects extend up to affecting the quality of labor in the market and unequal economic growth between the two countries. It is necessary therefore for the leaders of the nations affected to put up measures that will end up this vice once and for all. Illegal immigration is also rampant in Europe evidenced by the number of ships originating from Africa but are regularly arrested though some are unfortunately drowned in the event that they meet strong waves and tides of the sea. This problem can be solved by ensuring that the mother nations have improved economy so that its citizens may not see the need to immigrate to other well developed countries (Seltser, et al 1998). References: Adler, L. L. Gielen, U. P (2003). Migration: Immigration and Emigration in International Perspective. 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